Measuring Water and Sewer Service Affordability

Improving Metrics to Map Distributional Impacts, Increase Equity, and Ensure Utility Viability

Publication

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September 23, 2019

By Richard Zarrella & Wendy Ake
Editing and Fact Checking by Alyson M. Reimer

Ann Arbor Water Tower. Photo by Dwight Burdette

Report Outline

Section 1: Executive Summary

Section 2: Introduction

Section 3: Background

Section 4: Analysis

Section 5: Alternatives for Addressing Affordability

Appendix 1: Computation of Residential Water and Wastewater Bills

Appendix 2: Choice of Alternative Metric

Appendix 3: Limitations of Present Study

Appendix 4: Data Tables