Panama
Governance and Capacity Building for Climate Resilience
*Key: 1 = low risk, 10 = high risk.
Climate Change Risk Score
Climate Change Risk Score
The Climate Change Risk Score ranks a country's risk and vulnerability to climate change. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM, 2022, INFORM Climate Change, https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Climate-Change.
Climate Change Risk Score
3.6/10
Climate Change Risk Score
The Climate Change Risk Score ranks a country's risk and vulnerability to climate change. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM, 2022, INFORM Climate Change, https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Climate-Change.
Hazard & Exposure
Hazard & Exposure
The Hazard & Exposure category represents the probability of a country's physical exposure to specific natural hazards.
Floods
Floods
The Hazard & Exposure category reflects the probability of physical exposure related to specific natural hazards.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Floods
0.2/10
Floods
The Hazard & Exposure category reflects the probability of physical exposure related to specific natural hazards.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Cyclones
Cyclones
The Hazard & Exposure category reflects the probability of physical exposure related to specific natural hazards.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Cyclones
0/10
Cyclones
The Hazard & Exposure category reflects the probability of physical exposure related to specific natural hazards.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Droughts
Droughts
The Hazard & Exposure category reflects the probability of physical exposure related to specific natural hazards.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Droughts
0.8/10
Droughts
The Hazard & Exposure category reflects the probability of physical exposure related to specific natural hazards.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Hazard & Exposure Total
Hazard & Exposure Total
Indicates the probability of a country's physical exposure to specific natural hazards (exempts human conflict and violence). The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Hazard & Exposure Total
2.9/10
Hazard & Exposure Total
Indicates the probability of a country's physical exposure to specific natural hazards (exempts human conflict and violence). The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Vulnerability
Vulnerability
The Vulnerability category represents the economic, political, and social characteristics of a country and certain groups that are at risk of destabilization by hazards.
Socio-Economic Vulnerability
Socio-Economic Vulnerability
Refers generally to the demography of a country and accounts for factors that predispose a country to be effected by and vulnerable to hazards. These factors include development and deprivation, inequality, and aid dependency. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Socio-Economic Vulnerability
2.6/10
Socio-Economic Vulnerability
Refers generally to the demography of a country and accounts for factors that predispose a country to be effected by and vulnerable to hazards. These factors include development and deprivation, inequality, and aid dependency. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Vulnerable Groups
Vulnerable Groups
Accounts for uprooted people, or other vulnerable social groups with limited access to social and health care systems. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Vulnerable Groups
5/10
Vulnerable Groups
Accounts for uprooted people, or other vulnerable social groups with limited access to social and health care systems. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Vulnerability Total
Vulnerability Total
Indicates the economic, political, and social characteristics of a country and certain groups that are at risk of destabilization by hazards. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Vulnerability Total
3.9/10
Vulnerability Total
Indicates the economic, political, and social characteristics of a country and certain groups that are at risk of destabilization by hazards. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Lack of Coping Capacity
Lack of Coping Capacity
The Lack of Coping Capacity category represents the ability of a country to cope with disasters by way of formal organized activities, government efforts, and established infrastructure which helps reduce disaster risk.
Institutional Level
Institutional Level
Indicates a country's capacity for mitigation and preparedness including DRR Programs (Disaster Risk Reduction) and governance. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Institutional Level
5/10
Institutional Level
Indicates a country's capacity for mitigation and preparedness including DRR Programs (Disaster Risk Reduction) and governance. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Infrastructure Level
Infrastructure Level
Indicates a country's capacity for emergency response and recovery including, communication infrastructures, physical infrastructures, and access to health care. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Infrastructure Level
2.8/10
Infrastructure Level
Indicates a country's capacity for emergency response and recovery including, communication infrastructures, physical infrastructures, and access to health care. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Lack of Coping Capacity Total
Lack of Coping Capacity Total
Indicates the ability of a country at both the institutional and infrastructure level to cope with disasters by way of formal organized activities, government efforts, and established infrastructure which helps to reduce disaster risk. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Lack of Coping Capacity Total
4/10
Lack of Coping Capacity Total
Indicates the ability of a country at both the institutional and infrastructure level to cope with disasters by way of formal organized activities, government efforts, and established infrastructure which helps to reduce disaster risk. The risk level is measured on a scale of 1 - 10.
INFORM. 2021. INFORM Risk Index 2022. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index. INFORM is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness and the European Commission. The European Commission Joint Research Centre is the scientific lead of INFORM.
Price Tag of Financing Climate Resilience Projects
Financial Needs for Mitigation
Financial Needs for Mitigation
Indicates financial resources needed for a country to achieve their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments for mitigation.
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Database, version [7.7 October 2022], accessed on [11/09/2023]. Source: https://pub.iges.or.jp/pub/iges-ndc-database
Financial Needs for Mitigation
No Data
Financial Needs for Mitigation
Indicates financial resources needed for a country to achieve their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments for mitigation.
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Database, version [7.7 October 2022], accessed on [11/09/2023]. Source: https://pub.iges.or.jp/pub/iges-ndc-database
Financial Needs for Adaptation
Financial Needs for Adaptation
Indicates financial resources needed for a country to achieve their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments for adaptation.
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Database, version [7.7 October 2022], accessed on [11/09/2023]. Source: https://pub.iges.or.jp/pub/iges-ndc-database
Financial Needs for Adaptation
No Data
Financial Needs for Adaptation
Indicates financial resources needed for a country to achieve their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments for adaptation.
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Database, version [7.7 October 2022], accessed on [11/09/2023]. Source: https://pub.iges.or.jp/pub/iges-ndc-database
Total Financial Needs
Total Financial Needs
Indicates financial resources needed for a country to achieve their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments for mitigation and adaptation.
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Database, version [7.7 October 2022], accessed on [11/09/2023]. Source: https://pub.iges.or.jp/pub/iges-ndc-database
Total Financial Needs
No Data
Total Financial Needs
Indicates financial resources needed for a country to achieve their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments for mitigation and adaptation.
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Database, version [7.7 October 2022], accessed on [11/09/2023]. Source: https://pub.iges.or.jp/pub/iges-ndc-database
Country’s NDCs Goals or Compliance
Historical Emissions
Historical Emissions
Indicates total greenhouse gas emissions by country (1990 - 2020). Climate change is internationally recognized as a consequence of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, measured in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) and metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e). Its standard unit of measurement is MtCO₂e or millions of metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.
Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions. 2022. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions; FAO 2022, FAOSTAT Emissions Database
Historical Emissions
554 MtCO₂e
Historical Emissions
Indicates total greenhouse gas emissions by country (1990 - 2020). Climate change is internationally recognized as a consequence of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, measured in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) and metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e). Its standard unit of measurement is MtCO₂e or millions of metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.
Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions. 2022. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions; FAO 2022, FAOSTAT Emissions Database
Total Share of Global GHG Emissions
Total Share of Global GHG Emissions
Indicates total share of global greenhouse gas emissions by country.
Dixit, A., M. Kim, R. O'Connor, M. Dyck, and G. Ferrarin. 2022. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=adaptation; Climate Watch NDC Content. 2021. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org; Pauw, W.P, Cassanmagnano, D., Mbeva, K., Hein, J., Guarin, A., Brandi, C., Dzebo, A., Canales, N., Adams, K.M., Atteridge, A., Bock, T., Helms, J., Zalewski, A., Fromm. E., Lindener, A., Muhammad, D. (2016). NDC Explorer. German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). DOI: 10.23661/ndc_explorer_2017_2.0; Alayza, N. and Caldwell, M. 2023. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=finance_and_support; UNICEF NDC Analysis (2022); World Bank. 2017. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Available at: http://spappssecext.worldbank.org/sites/indc/Pages/INDCHome.aspx
Total Share of Global GHG Emissions
0.05%
Total Share of Global GHG Emissions
Indicates total share of global greenhouse gas emissions by country.
Dixit, A., M. Kim, R. O'Connor, M. Dyck, and G. Ferrarin. 2022. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=adaptation; Climate Watch NDC Content. 2021. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org; Pauw, W.P, Cassanmagnano, D., Mbeva, K., Hein, J., Guarin, A., Brandi, C., Dzebo, A., Canales, N., Adams, K.M., Atteridge, A., Bock, T., Helms, J., Zalewski, A., Fromm. E., Lindener, A., Muhammad, D. (2016). NDC Explorer. German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). DOI: 10.23661/ndc_explorer_2017_2.0; Alayza, N. and Caldwell, M. 2023. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=finance_and_support; UNICEF NDC Analysis (2022); World Bank. 2017. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Available at: http://spappssecext.worldbank.org/sites/indc/Pages/INDCHome.aspx
NDCs Status
NDCs Status
Indicates each countries’ climate action plan or Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and the status of achieving their NDC goals.
Dixit, A., M. Kim, R. O'Connor, M. Dyck, and G. Ferrarin. 2022. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=adaptation; Climate Watch NDC Content. 2021. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org; Pauw, W.P, Cassanmagnano, D., Mbeva, K., Hein, J., Guarin, A., Brandi, C., Dzebo, A., Canales, N., Adams, K.M., Atteridge, A., Bock, T., Helms, J., Zalewski, A., Fromm. E., Lindener, A., Muhammad, D. (2016). NDC Explorer. German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). DOI: 10.23661/ndc_explorer_2017_2.0; Alayza, N. and Caldwell, M. 2023. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=finance_and_support; UNICEF NDC Analysis (2022); World Bank. 2017. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Available at: http://spappssecext.worldbank.org/sites/indc/Pages/INDCHome.aspx
NDCs Status
Submitted New or Updated NDC
NDCs Status
Indicates each countries’ climate action plan or Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and the status of achieving their NDC goals.
Dixit, A., M. Kim, R. O'Connor, M. Dyck, and G. Ferrarin. 2022. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=adaptation; Climate Watch NDC Content. 2021. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org; Pauw, W.P, Cassanmagnano, D., Mbeva, K., Hein, J., Guarin, A., Brandi, C., Dzebo, A., Canales, N., Adams, K.M., Atteridge, A., Bock, T., Helms, J., Zalewski, A., Fromm. E., Lindener, A., Muhammad, D. (2016). NDC Explorer. German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). DOI: 10.23661/ndc_explorer_2017_2.0; Alayza, N. and Caldwell, M. 2023. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=finance_and_support; UNICEF NDC Analysis (2022); World Bank. 2017. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Available at: http://spappssecext.worldbank.org/sites/indc/Pages/INDCHome.aspx
GHG Target
GHG Target
Indicates countries' goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Dixit, A., M. Kim, R. O'Connor, M. Dyck, and G. Ferrarin. 2022. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=adaptation; Climate Watch NDC Content. 2021. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org; Pauw, W.P, Cassanmagnano, D., Mbeva, K., Hein, J., Guarin, A., Brandi, C., Dzebo, A., Canales, N., Adams, K.M., Atteridge, A., Bock, T., Helms, J., Zalewski, A., Fromm. E., Lindener, A., Muhammad, D. (2016). NDC Explorer. German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). DOI: 10.23661/ndc_explorer_2017_2.0; Alayza, N. and Caldwell, M. 2023. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=finance_and_support; UNICEF NDC Analysis (2022); World Bank. 2017. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Available at: http://spappssecext.worldbank.org/sites/indc/Pages/INDCHome.aspx
GHG Target
Reduce energy sector emissions by at least 11.5% by 2030 and at least 24% by 2050 compared to baseline
GHG Target
Indicates countries' goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Dixit, A., M. Kim, R. O'Connor, M. Dyck, and G. Ferrarin. 2022. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=adaptation; Climate Watch NDC Content. 2021. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org; Pauw, W.P, Cassanmagnano, D., Mbeva, K., Hein, J., Guarin, A., Brandi, C., Dzebo, A., Canales, N., Adams, K.M., Atteridge, A., Bock, T., Helms, J., Zalewski, A., Fromm. E., Lindener, A., Muhammad, D. (2016). NDC Explorer. German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). DOI: 10.23661/ndc_explorer_2017_2.0; Alayza, N. and Caldwell, M. 2023. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore?category=finance_and_support; UNICEF NDC Analysis (2022); World Bank. 2017. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Available at: http://spappssecext.worldbank.org/sites/indc/Pages/INDCHome.aspx
Global Displacement Data
Climate Induced Displaced Persons
Climate Induced Displaced Persons
People who have been forcibly displaced from their communities (within or beyond their national borders) due to weather-related and uninhabitable climatic conditions.
We acknowledge that the Internal Displacement and Monitoring Centre (IDMC) does not regard displacement resulting from weather-related events as necessarily linked with climate change, and that its measure of disaster-induced displacements is not a measure of climate-induced displacement. However, OBI's framing and analysis of the climate crisis contextualizes weather-related events and disasters, and climate-induced displacement, as a result of various social, political, economic, and environmental forces that simultaneously give rise to, influence, and compound the forced displacement of people globally. Furthermore, we address how these forces are not only exacerbated by the climate crisis, but also largely born of the extractive and exploitative structures that have given rise to the climate crisis itself. We thus treat IDMC’s measure of disaster-induced displacements as a measure of climate-induced displacement.
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), 2022, https://www.internal-displacement.org/.
Climate Induced Displaced Persons
13,220
Climate Induced Displaced Persons
People who have been forcibly displaced from their communities (within or beyond their national borders) due to weather-related and uninhabitable climatic conditions.
We acknowledge that the Internal Displacement and Monitoring Centre (IDMC) does not regard displacement resulting from weather-related events as necessarily linked with climate change, and that its measure of disaster-induced displacements is not a measure of climate-induced displacement. However, OBI's framing and analysis of the climate crisis contextualizes weather-related events and disasters, and climate-induced displacement, as a result of various social, political, economic, and environmental forces that simultaneously give rise to, influence, and compound the forced displacement of people globally. Furthermore, we address how these forces are not only exacerbated by the climate crisis, but also largely born of the extractive and exploitative structures that have given rise to the climate crisis itself. We thus treat IDMC’s measure of disaster-induced displacements as a measure of climate-induced displacement.
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), 2022, https://www.internal-displacement.org/.
Climatic Events
Climatic Events
Climatic Events
- Storms: tropical storms (cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons), extratropical/winter storms, local storms (tornadoes, blizzards and snowstorms, sand storms, hail storms, lightning)
- Floods: land-borne or riverine floods (caused by heavy rains, snow melt, and breaking of banks), sea-borne or coastal floods (caused by storm surges and breaking of levees), flash floods (caused by snow melt run-off, dam bursts and sudden water release)
- Extreme Temperatures: cold snaps and extreme winter conditions, heat waves
- Drought
- Wildfires: brush, forest, grass and savannah
- Dry mass movement: rock falls, landslides, avalanches, sudden subsidence and sinkholes
- Wet mass movements: landslides, avalanches and sudden subsidence
- Erosion
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), 2022, https://www.internal-displacement.org/.
Climatic Events
Flood; Mass Movement; Storm
Climatic Events
- Storms: tropical storms (cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons), extratropical/winter storms, local storms (tornadoes, blizzards and snowstorms, sand storms, hail storms, lightning)
- Floods: land-borne or riverine floods (caused by heavy rains, snow melt, and breaking of banks), sea-borne or coastal floods (caused by storm surges and breaking of levees), flash floods (caused by snow melt run-off, dam bursts and sudden water release)
- Extreme Temperatures: cold snaps and extreme winter conditions, heat waves
- Drought
- Wildfires: brush, forest, grass and savannah
- Dry mass movement: rock falls, landslides, avalanches, sudden subsidence and sinkholes
- Wet mass movements: landslides, avalanches and sudden subsidence
- Erosion
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), 2022, https://www.internal-displacement.org/.
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